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Study On Financial Statements And Ratios Of Banks - Free Essay Example

4.0 Introduction The data analysis chapter has been divided into two parts. In the first part, I have tried to do some sort of quantitative analysis. The first part is based on the financial statements and key ratios of both the chosen banks. Again it was broken down into sub-points like the analysis of data before recession and after recession. Some key ratios were calculated, compared and analysed from the financial data of last 10 years for both the banks. The second part of this chapter is a mixture of literature review data analysis and some points were written with reference to the analysis done in first part in my own words. 4.1 Analysis of Data Derived from Financial Statements and Ratios 4.1.1 Bank Status before Recession After Recession To be able to answer our research questions it is imperative to look at the two companies data from financial statements, this will reveal the risks inherent in each banks operation. The analysis utilizes data from the financial statements of the banks under review from year 2005 to 2010 just before recession started. While the two banks have similarities in risk management RBS use pounds while HSBC use dollars as the basis currency in the books of accounts, while this may hinder the analysis especially quantitative analysis the general data increase and decrease is an important aspect sufficient for this study. 4.2 Financial Position of RBS 4.2.1 Financial Position of RBS before recession (2004-2005, 2005-2006, 2006-2007) The Royal Bank of Scotland turnover had been on steady increase, in the financial year ending December 2007 the turnover was ÂÂ £30,366 million; in 2005 the turnover was ÂÂ £25902 million while in the year ending 2006 turnover increased to ÂÂ £28002 million. In 2005 operating profits were ÂÂ £7936 million while in 2006 operating profits increased marginally to ÂÂ £9186 and in 2007 ÂÂ £9807 million. Profits before tax has been on steady increase from ÂÂ £7936million in 2005 to ÂÂ £9186 and ÂÂ £9832 million in 2006 and 2007 million respectively. 4.2.2 Financial Position of RBS After Recession (2007-2008, 2009-2010) The turnover for year 2008 was ÂÂ £25868 Million and finally the turnover for the year ending December 2009 was ÂÂ £38690 million. In but in 2008 and 2009 losses of ÂÂ £40836 and ÂÂ £2595 were recorded respectively, this was after recession started. The full details for the full year 2010 results have not been announced but the first half results profits had increased by 44% to ÂÂ £3950 million. Table 1 Royal Bank of Scotland Profit and loss Extracts Year Ended 31 Dec 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 ÂÂ £millions ÂÂ £ ÂÂ £ ÂÂ £ ÂÂ £ ÂÂ £ ÂÂ £ Turnover 38690.0 25868.0 30366.0 28002.0 25902.0 Operating Profit Q3 726 -2595 -40836.0 9807 9186 7936 Profits before tax -2595 -40836.0 9832.0 9186.0 7936.0 Source; RBS website 4.3 Financial Positions of HSBC 4.3.1 Financial Positions of HSBC before recession On the other hand the turnovers for HSBC on the financial years under review were as follows; year 2007 the turnover was $ 87601 million, $ 61704 million in 2005 and $70070 million in 2006 in terms of operating profits, the group managed $20966.0m, $21240.0m and $22709.0m in years 2005, 2006 and 2007 respectively. Profits before tax were $20966m, $22086m, and $24212m in years 2005, 2006, and 2007. 4.3.2 Financial Positions of HSBC After recession The group managed a turnover of $ 88571 million and $ 78631 million in 2008 and 2009 accounting periods respectively. HSBC recorded $ 22709 million profit in 2007; however the profits declined substantially to $7646 million in 2008 and $ 5298 in 2009 again profits were affected as recessionary fears started. In third quarter of 2010 the profits increased marginally. Table 2 HSBC Profit and Loss Extracts Year Ended 31 Dec 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 $millions $ $ $ $ $ $ Turnover 78631 88571 87601 70070 61704 Operating Profit 5298 7646 22709 21240 20966 Profit before tax 7079 7079 9307 24212 20086 20966 Source: HSBC website 4.4 Tabular, Graphical representation, interpretation and analysis of key ratios of HSBC RBS for last 10 years In the next few pages, I have tried to present the data in tables, graphs and charts. Some of the data was presented and calculated for last 10 years and some for the last 5-6 years. Some of the key ratios as given below were calculated, analysed and compared for both the banks. Net Interest Margin Return on equity Capital adequacy Liquidity ratio Non-performing assets ratio Loans Turnover ratio Loans to Assets ratio Gross Yield on Earning Assets (GYEA) Table 3 HSBC Ratio Analysis in percentage Year Ending 31 Dec 2010 up to June 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2001 Net Interest Margin 3.25 3.09 3.05 2.00 3.4 2.04 2.60 2.54 2.24 ROE 11.1 12.3 11.21 9.62 11.60 12.25 11.2 15.6 13.21 Capital Adequacy 11.50 11.60 11.75 10.89 10.97 11.01 11.12 11.31 11.63 Liquidity ratio 2.20 2.50 3.62 4.21 5.31 6.54 1.23 1.11 2.15 Nonperforming assets ratio 2.17 2.27 2.12 2.14 2.16 2.14 2.11 2.01 2.00 Loans Turnover ratio 66.2 55.2 25.10 29.2 54.0 59.1 67.12 74.21 76.45 Loans to Assets ratio 0.60 0.40 0.22 0.15 0.12 0.113 0.21 0.28 0.32 GYEA 5.21 4.60 4.49 4.36 4.24 4.42 4.68 4.29 3.26 Source: Data glanced from HSBC website and did personal analysis. Figure 4 HSBC ratio analyses (Note: all the figures are in percentage) Table 4 RBS Ratio analysis as a percentage Year Ending 31 Dec 2010 up to June 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2001 Net Interest Margin 1.97 1.76 1.70 1.75 1.83 1.91 2.01 2.03 1.92 ROE 12 11.5 11.4 9 9.6 9.12 14 11.2 10 Capital Adequacy 12.51 11.44 11.95 12.98 11.72 11.10 12.21 13.11 13.23 Liquidity Ratio 3.21 2.42 3.21 5.22 3.23 3.29 2.23 2.11 3.15 Nonperforming Assets Ratio 11.1 14.1 16.1 12.15 12.11 12.10 11.11 11.01 10.10 Loans Turnover Ratio 66.9 45.25 44.15 39.2 44.0 49.12 57.21 63.32 66.00 Loans to Assets Ratio 1.56 1.45 1.35 1.40 1.19 0.20 0.89 0.46 0.56 GYEA 3.33 4.6 2.12 4.06 4.12 3.28 2.86 2.92 2.45 Source: Data glanced from RBS website and did personal analysis Fig. Comparison of the two banks PL data Generally over the years the turnover of the two banks has been increasing but the increase in HSBC turnover has been moderate while that of RBS has been steep. HSBC has managed to remain profitable for the period of analysis showing that the company has been able to mitigate the risks well as compared to RBS. RBS made substantial operating losses amounting to 2595 million in 2009 and had to be supported by the government as a result of subprime mortgage crisis. The data show that HSBC has adopted prudent management even though profits declined, the ratios show the group has maintained strong capital base Findings During the two years before year 2009 and after the two banks were adversely affected by economic condition. The profit and loss analysis from the two banks show that HSBC has been able to tackle liquidity risks well as it has been able to maintain profitability through out even during the recession on the other hand RBS was affected and made losses in 2007, 2008 and 2009 but the half year available indicate the bank has returned to profitability after the government support. The profitability before tax is shown in the figure below. Figure 5 Source: Data glanced from RBS and HSBC websites and did personal analysis Note: HSBS figures are in million dollars while figures for RBS are in million pounds. 4.5 Literature Review Data Analysis This dissertation presents the underlying strategies and approaches applied by the top UK banks in learning the differences between HSBC and Royal Bank of Scotland. The strategies and approaches are observed before and after the recession period when assets and stocks were reducing in value putting the banks in worst case financial scenario. To compare their financial, business and operational risks concern will create a bigger picture. The aim is to determine which between the two banks has a better and effective approach and strategy in the risk-reduction initiatives (Drew Michael, et al., 1996) Banks in United Kingdom have relied upon a proven system of strong liquidity risk management. This has been in existence for over three years now and since the system was started banks have made it a priority to update their systems of risk management to keep abreast with the changing demands of the society and technological innovations associated with risk management. Financial stabi lity is easily achieved by following less complicated process and that is to stick to the rules and created in less difficult way that whenever you try to explain it to a customer or client. The grasp of the policy will then be easily absorbed (Issing, 2004). The liquidity risk management of most United Kingdom has been seen to be strong and responsive whenever banks experience risks. Banks have to ensure that they exercise prudent risk management to be able to provide customer satisfaction, but some of the banks are less committed to the task to minimize their exposure to risks. It can be costly to the bank and expose the bank to court cases, licence cancellation by the supervisory authorities and customers withdrawing from the bank. The only way to do this is to create a reliable system of liquidity risk management (Issing, 2004). Risk management actions count the most in the future and especially in setting the reputation of the banks. Extra effort is required in creating p olicies that will withstand the effect of any risks. Being able to communicate the recent risk situation among the team members will help a lot in the resolution and in effectively carrying out the regulations which they intended to implement for the banks organization. A manifestation of a high level of activity would spell a lot of difference compared to those who lag behind due to poor management risk planning (Kahf Homud, 1998). An effective liquidity risk management is able to make anticipations on the occurrence of future risks. There is also a type of liquidity risk management that can only provide satisfactory level of service or performance, however, it possess certain weakness though very insignificant, it may still deliver anticipated results like those managements that are strong since it only manifest very minor signs ineffectiveness (Bank of England 2007). HSBS and the Royal Bank of Scotland are not just the top banks in United Kingdom they are the two banks tha t show an impressive liquidity risk management. This record could be very much proven by the profits earned annually and the impression they make among their customers is excellent and they never settle for anything less. The two banks have applied similar systems although HSBC is the bank that shows the most impressive and effective strategy/ approach against a liquidity risk. They always make sure to protect not only their money but also protect the welfare of their customers and intend to move with them and manage their finances by avoiding incompetence in dealing with liquidity risks. HSBS guides their customer from the time they enter the institution until the time they become part of a much growing and impressive banking industry (Bank of England 2007). In the last two years HSBC only experienced short term recession only, they had prepared for the recession, through management and the fact that they had experienced a crisis before and had rectified it by creating a frame w ork that worked well for the bank. Prudent risk management at HSBC can be analysed by looking at the profits that the bank has earned recently where the bank doubled its half-year profits by posting ÂÂ £7 billion as at August 2010, this is at a time when smaller banks were feeling the effects of recession. Analysts have seen the capabilities of the bank base from their well-managed systems and strategies. They had already expected such things to happen so there is nothing surprising about that (Goodway, 2007). The banks have taken all necessary precautions and the management maintains optimism that in case of risks they will find a way out. The way the two banks react to problems is always quick thus they are able to find real time solutions. This strategy is a good way of keeping loyal customers. The primary goal is to offer consistency in performance whether the nature of the transaction differs or not, this is exemplified by the HSBC spirit of being consistent and reliabl e in every possible way. One of the ways that the banks have avoided the risks is to anticipate the risks thus making in advance plans. HSBC has made a point to anticipate risks and make plans to mitigate or avoid the risks completely, this is seen in the banks preparation of the recession in the last two years the bank made adequate plans and adopted prudent lending, adopted technology and minimized operations expenses, while other bank were unprepared and had to be rescued by the government. HSBC operates inn flexible economies, this has been explained by looking at the diversity of the markets it operates, and this gave the bank diversity as not all markets experienced recession. HSBC reaction to risks is a testimony to its objective to effectively handle risks, one such objective identified in the study was is to create liquidity through making an arrangement to leaseback or sell assets whenever loans are defaulted (Goodway, 2007) On the other hand, the Royal Bank of Sc otland has similar strategies, before recession the management had drawn a plan on risk management, this is exemplified by the fact that they didnt change their banking rates during this period. Although they needed to take precautions on the insurance, once this has been resolved they could go back to the most important part which is keeping the business even more profitable (Aldrick, 2008). Royal Bank of Scotland (2011) strategy has been to invest heavily in being relevant to the needs of the customer; the bank has also created a buffer to protect the bank in times of recession. In 2007 the bank lost 3% in book value as it experienced subprime related mortgage crisis, but the bank made an effort in ensuring that the customers needs were addressed as soon as possible and assured clients that their accounts with the bank were safe. The Royal Bank of Scotland has not seen changes in sub-prime related write downs, the bank has remained stable. During the recession the bank st ill managed ÂÂ £ 1.1 billion in half year profits, though the bank was affected by recession as it could not prevent the effects of recession on their profits and capital enhancements. When making a comparison between the two banks, they differ on how they carry out their risk strategies but have similar characteristics. 4.5.1 Implications of recession on house mortgage and corresponding subprime losses HSBC has always tried to offer options that are sustaining and a relief to those who are about to lose their home due to the effect of recession, some of the options are leaseback and sales. In terms risk management HSBC has adopted a different approach when it comes to helping customers experiencing cash flow problems in paying mortgage. The bank identifies the need to assess the urgency to save the customers financial status or his house under mortgage (Goodway, 2007); the bank allows customers to modify their loan allowing customers to pay the loan at an adjusted future time. This reduces the risk to both the customer and the bank. On the other hand Royal Bank of Scotland reduce risks by allowing variable or fixed mortgage rate, and has applied the straightforward approach where a customer mortgage application is approved decisively, this ensures the payments are as flexible as possible. The bank has also limited the bank charges it can attach to an account thus creating cust omer satisfaction. 4.5.2 Bank Strategies and Policies Applied The effectiveness of the banks strategy and approach can be analysed by looking at how well the banks management performed their roles. As risks are recognized the management needs to assess the risks and careful interpretation of the consequences. If the management do not carefully assess the crisis, then the risk might probably worsen until it can no longer be helped (RBS, 2011). The loan modification adopted by HSBC may not work as it is difficult to find a common ground. It may also not be possible to carry out assessment and evaluation. The Royal Bank of Scotland has minimized its risk exposure by allowing the straightforward method, thus the bank is able to assess the qualification of each customer. 4.5.3 Criteria for house mortgage loan allocation Both banks utile interest options, period of payment, and a flexible payment options. However, the criteria need to be assessed on individual application basis while at the same time maintaining objectivity and should not be applied to all. This criterion has to be flexible in terms of meeting the customer needs such as unforeseen circumstances. The current criteria risk the banks profit if it is contravened, it should allow the customers meet their monthly loan repayment deadlines. It can be very well taken into account that the system used by these two is similar to those applied by the rest of the banks in United Kingdom (Effros, 1998). However, the researcher intends to discuss the reliability of the system utilized by the two chosen banks as they encounter inevitable risks in global economic environment. A study of the HSBC system shows how well they have managed risks that have placed other banks in receivership. The study helps to understand the important issues needs to be tackled by a bank to manage risks successfully. The two banks have had good financial risk management, in terms managing the credit and market risks by having a proper risk assessment. These two risks take place when an improper assessment is made (Newman, 2006). Strong and reliable management organization has been used as a tool to help the banks strengthen and arrive to a risk free system. In case of system failures a dependable measure has been created that would minimize financial implications. The banks initiative is to push the participation of the depositors in the program and to treat them as among the driving force which affects the system. The methods are extensively researched and adapted among institutions which mean that it has been carefully checked (Banks, 2003). Extensive study on the feasibility of the issue in addressing the effectiveness of system implemented in the banking institution. In the previous discussion, regarding the imposition of law aff ecting banking system, the European banks are known to be sanctioned under a strict regulation whereby giving them less control over their own management. The variability in the solution technique being employed by either HSBC or the Royal Bank of Scotland cannot simply be the solution to this problem. It is the way they approach the problem with a system proven by time. The HSBC and the Royal Bank of Scotland have several financial planning portfolios in helping the customers reach their goals. The two banks have manifested expertise in providing the most expert advice on planning and investing. They consider it as their responsibility to provide their customer with the best advice available and have to be right and fitting to their customers needs. They exert and commit themselves as they go the extra mile of keeping their customers for a lifetime by answering and addressing quickly their customers growing demands and they have never failed to do so (Newman, 2006). The banks will not wait in vain but makes sure that they get to customers and provides them with a personalized service that cannot be found from other bank institutions creating confidence and trust with the customers. No wonder these two banks were voted top United Kingdom banks (Duttweiler, 2009). The assessment of the policy utilized by these two banks operates as a measure that monitors whether a prescribed risk guideline has been complied with and then makes a report accordingly (Crouhy, 2006). The design of the policy has been able to achieve the appropriate strategy, though require the framework and the funding capacity be adequately met by the funding institution. The design as a result, gives the customer the assurance and the security as they are given the key role and part in developing the system. The United Banking system has also been extensively analysed in this dissertation. Risks such as the financial and operational risks has been analysed by relating them to the str ategies being employed by each bank, thus, an empirical method has been applied by exploring details about each bank. Various important factors about a banking institutions risk management system have been looked into as well. Looking into the advantages of a well-organized risk management banking system will help minimize damages brought by liquidity risks. A well-managed and well carried management plan will save the bank from recovering from years, after suffering from significant financial risks. Chapter 6 Conclusions and Recommendations 6.1 Conclusions While the data analysed show similarities in the way the two banks manage liquidity risks HSBC has prudently managed the risks better as compared to RBS. The profits before tax for the two banks indicate that RBS made losses for the last two years while HSBC has maintained profitability despite recession. Fair amount of loans have been advanced that may not pose great risk to both banks, the loan to asset rate is low for both banks and this reduces unnecessary exposure to bad debts. The ratios indicate the banks have maintained adequate capital bases that can with stand systemic risks. HSBC has managed to maintain low operating margins leveraging on technology to deliver products thus avoiding high staff expenses, on the other hand RSB government ownership reduces the risk exposure and thus the bank has been able to obtain loans from the bank after the recent recession, the operating margins are negative for the last two years indicating the bank has not been able to achieve optimal operations. After a sustained increase in the operating profits of RBS before the recession profits declined from 9807 million pounds in 2007 to losses of 2595 million pounds, this emanated from the exposure of the bank to mortgage related risks therefore to ensure the bank is protected from the risk the bank should carry out evaluation on the ability of the customers to meet the monthly mortgage requirements. The effectiveness of the risks management policies of the banks under study has been evaluated, to be able to have a wider view about risk management bank mortgage and subsequent reaction to recession has been analysed. When the risk management policies that each of the banks under consideration is evaluated, HSBC possess the most formidable liquidity risk management policy implementation well articulated in the banks reaction to the recession. The study established that the liquidity risk management plays an important role in monitoring the flow of assets into the banks system. Banks are required to have standard set of policy to affect its benefits. However, without a reliable system from which the organization management plan is created, it is easy to say that such a management plan will not be effective. It will produce no progress at all and could costly on the part of those who implement these management strategies. Since the two banks have applied similar systems; HSBC is the bank that shows the most impressive and effective strategy/ approach against liquidity risk. They always make sure to protect not only their money also they make sure that they protect the welfare of their customers. The dissertation focus on the UK banking system was ideal as the perfect niche where to study liquidity risk because the banks have a wide access to almost all parts of the world and. The banks are universal and possess that impressive banking track record. HSBC and the Royal Banks of Scotland are equally as competent and committed to a strong liquidity risk management (Casu Molyneux, 2001). However, this study was limited to the top two banks it is recommended that in order to understand liquidity risk a study should be conducted not only on those two banks but also on those ranked at the bottom. This way it is possible to understand the liquidity risk in the banking industry and serve as a basis of reference by other researchers or particular areas of concern that may be a source of risk for banks. It should also be necessary that a case study be conducted on a particular scenario focusing only on one risk management area so as to have a clearer view. The banking system is explained along with some points on how important it is to build a strong impression with international institutions by securing a reliable system within the bank by good risk management policies that serve as its foundation. A discussion on the importance of liquidity risk management policy has been explored using policies as the gui delines and indicators that help determine the confidence level in each banking system. If weak policy system is in place, it gives doubt as to the effectiveness of the risk management approach. Royal Bank of England has been analysed and the responsibility it has on the control of rates. The bank has been used as the point of reference since it has flexibility in decision making as well as its crucial to the good functioning or detriment of the whole banking institution in United Kingdom. The HSBC and the Royal Bank of Scotland has impressive financial planning portfolios that are geared towards helping the customers reach their goals. They make it their utmost responsibility to provide their customer with the best options that are available and have committed to meet the customers need. The two banks provide the most expert advice on planning and investing. An analysis of HSBC system shows that they have managed risks well, including risks that have placed other banks in receivership. The Royal Bank of Scotland equally possesses reliable strategy where all the decisions regarding risks have to be decided after careful analysis and Proper management of credit and market risks is essential in eliminating financial risks. The study established that these two risks occur when an improper assessment is made. The commitment of the management of an organization is an important element needed to help reduce the risk on possibility of a bank to collapse. It is a guiding force that a responsible banking institution must adhere to, so as to avoid the consequences of financial failure because of mismanagement. Proper risk management could be a simple way of solving liquidity risk problem which management believe is difficult to tackle. In order to protect their earnings the banks have to institute proper risk management policies as it is not always predictable where risks will emerge. The two banks under study have implemented some of the most desired risk m anagement policies. Many banks were severely affected by the recession but HSBC and RBS still returned maximum profits despite the operating environment existing in 2010 the financial year under review. Customers are concerned with the risk management practises of their banks this is because it also determines the availability of credit and all necessary bank products that they need. 6.2 Recommendations The banks need to ensure that the risk exposure on their portfolios is minimized or eliminated completely. While the recession risks were inevitable the need to anticipate liquidity risks are imperative. HSBC had gone through a crisis however the management had foresight and planned well for the recession on the other hand RBS had to rely on government bail out to minimize the risks the mortgage portfolio had. The need to pursue vigorous risk management policies is important than before, while management decisions influence the direction of the banks, careful planning and consulting is essential. A deep analysis of the causes of the losses registered in the last two years would be a good starting point to be able to collect the mistakes. Management will be valuable in this, the ability of the management to run smoothly the banks and predict future risk will determine the bank that emerges from recession stronger. From the data analyzed while turnover for the banks increased t he operating profits were affected by the recession. Like HSBC did RBS need to leverage on technology to reduce operating losses. 6.2.1 Recommendations on Managing liquidity through Organizational structure and Governance It is imperative that the two banks define the liquidity risks exhaustively this will ensure that the risks the banks are exposed to are identified and placed in respective risk category, then the risks are communicated to the respective groups to that they can identify, understand and evaluate liquidity risks that the banks face including new lines of business, products, acquisitions, alliances or any initiative that the banks intend to participate. A clear understanding of the various risks is essential particularly distinguishing Market liquidity and funding liquidity risks. Risks inherent in funding that the banks should focus on include; Structural liquidity risks spanning more than one year and cash capital risks of the banks. Thinking long term is beneficial to the financial health of the banks, the ability to communicate this is imperative depending on the nature of risks the management should be able to know what and how they are going to communicate. Information dis closure will invariably contribute to the risk or minimize or eliminate the risks completely therefore a clear policy on which information to disclose is essential. The need for transparency in dealings and communication is central to creating and strengthening trust as compared to past failure to disclose liquidity risks by banks. In many of HSBC annual reports the need to disclose risks has taken central role according to year 2007 annual reports the bank had identified the risks it faced and critical analysis was on liquidity risk. While there is no universally agreed level of disclosure of risks, various legislations have been put limit to the minimum amount of disclosure that can be done. As a consequence of good economic gains in the last four to five months banks have increase capital ratios and therefore HSBC and RBC needs to significantly increase capital ratios while at the same time to reduce the leverage levels. Recession that emanated from leverage in mortga ge has taught finance managers the importance of deleveraging. It is important to run efficient and less complex and smaller banks and then focus on the core aspects of rendering services to customers. A thorough understanding of their business and possible future risks, the two banks can create trust and show customers that they are run prudently. This is the only way they can rebuild the financial system that is damaged from banks own imprudence. The return to profitability has been quick as most banks were supported by governments and the recession was particularly driven by the mortgage sector, in the years to come HSBC and RBC need to pursue policies that minimize risks by qualifying case by case in mortgage applications and deleveraging, while this may not be of advantage right now it will promote independence of banks. Chapter 6- Discussion/ Reflection 6.1 Reflective Report The dissertation has covered most part that the researcher has intended to arrive at and has expected to obtain. The output was gathered by patiently going through the evaluation process of each aspect behind the liquidity risk management that exist between two banks. Other underlying factors are also essential in the dissertation. It is important not to leave those with less attention because what makes up the two banks are the foundation concepts built buy the bigger institutions the Bank of England in particular. The ideas gathered about the Bank of England could give you a perfect idea why bank in England are being regulated that way. The Banks is sole responsible for all of that but the system implemented by them is something that United Kingdom Banks should be grateful about because the system that they are following has made it easier for them to exists and further improve as a bank institution. This log book is important as it expresses the researchers experience from doing the dissertation. Future researchers of the same study may refer to this log book and see the progress and experiences made by the researcher. It could also a reference for the advantages and disadvantages encounter along the flow of the study. The process was rather simple however it was very time consuming due to its nature. Simple comparison will not do, you must be able to correlate the subject with the controlling elements such at the kinds of management risk provided. Previous studies have been a great help in this project. 6.2 Significance of writing the dissertation Writing the dissertation has provided me with an awareness and general out on the risks that banks are facing. It has also taken a challenge on my part to learn more about the internal management and gives me the idea why this particular bank has been successful in providing services to their customer. It has been quite an interesting experience for me. In a general sense, the dissertation has several impacts to the following: Business sector- most business companies had relied upon the success of their banks. They had depended on the success of those institutions because they too will get affected once the liquidity risk management problems will not be properly addressed. Customer/depositors- They are generally the person that makes up the whole system. They are like the basic unit in the institution because without those assets will not get into their system and it will very much affect their banks profits if customers keep withdrawing from the bank due to their poor custom er service performance. 6.3 Process to Write Dissertation The dissertation process is written in a wide array of perspective where the researcher has to dig in a few points from which may or may not be necessary for the paper but I believe that it is necessary in order to be able to express the proper points that needs to be addressed in the dissertation. Nothing has to be left out so that each point is met and the strategy being exerted will not go to waste. I believe that the routine that needs to be exercise in order to come up with a dissertation on finance is constant analysis and focus on the chosen topic. I did not have a hard time though in comparing the banks but I faced difficulty in dealing with the Literature review part. Some are particularly related to one another however, there are issues that need to be deleted as they were irrelevant perhaps on a different context. An outline The outline of this dissertation will serve as the framework from which the researcher must follow on. It is important in the alignment process of the dissertation. There are steps that have to be constantly followed and these steps will create a body to the dissertation. However, the step that I am talking about is not procedural but rather a mind frame or set that create the body of the paper and will not look or be read in an irregularly set platform. Organization The dissertation is created in an organized framework aimed at getting well defined results. Chapters are arranged well in sub headings giving the topic a simpler, defined and narrowed down look. The flow is much easier to follow since each chapter are outlined in a pyramid structure starting from a concept down to a much deeper principle. Time-Table This is the most important part of the process that will very much affect the whole set-up if not followed accordingly. I have to make that every night I am able to produce a minimum of 1,500 words of progress. This way I will not be having a hard time catching up in the future in case, the deadline is fast approaching. I make it as an initiative to always work on something every day in order that I will have lesser work to do in the coming days. Iterative Solution The initial thing that I did was create an outline. It served as the backbone of my dissertation. It will also serve as your guide. With it you can never lose direction especially if you need to stop working and when you need to get back working you have already lost focus in the dissertation. The outline shall serve as your reference life to which you could follow with and keep up with your lost time. 6.4 My Learning outcomes The core of the dissertation is the stored knowledge which I need to incorporate with my readings as I start working on the dissertation. The reading are essential in order that you are able to connect and check that what you have previously learned still applies or if you need to keep abreast with the updates or the amendments created by institutions and the like. 6.4.1 Plan to write on a regular basis and to stick with the plan made: I have also created a log where I regularly develop a manner to assess my level of data organization. This will monitor my research work behaviour if i sometimes i lagged too much and some works have not been accomplished throughout the day. The log book shall be a guide from which I can make up for the unaccomplished works and will also determine how much work I need to exert for that particular chapter. 6.4.2 Making a time plan and sticking to it Sticking to the time table is required because it will allow you to be more organized and to adhere to the required task for the day. The given task is appropriately assigned in a day together with their corresponding number of words that needs to be accomplished. Conclusion The dissertation is attained by a comprehensive study that requires relevant information that insures that the study will present a reliable source of data. Upon obtaining it, it must be organized in a less complex manner. And when a difficult part arrives, it is necessary that adequate solutions are reached because once the problems are not resolve in instant, future efforts will also be affected by the inaction done in the previous challenges.

Gun control will not effect violent crime rates - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 547 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/10/10 Did you like this example? Gun control are policies meant to control the manufacture, sale, ownership or use of firearms by the civilians. The debate on gun control has been hitting the headlines in our media due to the current rise in crime rates in the United States. Most criminal activities are carried out with the help of firearm for instance, robbery and rape (Lott, 25). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Gun control will not effect violent crime rates" essay for you Create order Gun-related violence has inflicted much harm on the American society including the death of innocent people caught in the crossfire during mass shootings, gang-related shootout and incidences of armed robbery. We cannot ignore the harm done by these armed criminals, and we must take actions to stop this horror. With this regard, some legislators have pushed for policies that eliminate legal ownership of firearms with a view to controlling the rising crime rates. Gun control does not address the real problem at hand and will not reduce the violent crime rates. Gun control policies will take away guns from the hands of law abiding citizens leaving them vulnerable and defenseless. Under the second amendment of the US Constitution, every American citizen has a right to own a firearm (Rosen, 17). Guns are meant for self-defense in case of life-threatening incidences like robbery, rape and to stop mass shootings. Taking firearms from Americans would leave them unprotected and vulnerable to robbery and attacks by armed criminals. Gun control will only motivate criminal to carry out crimes since they know that their victims are unarmed (Zimring, 725). For this reason, putting restrictions on gun ownership does not address the real problem of crime. Even with Gun controls measure, criminal will still find ways to acquire arms. This is because most criminal acquire their firearms through the black market. This is confirmed by the fact that criminals always use illegal firearms such as sawed-off shotguns, homemade zip guns, and machine guns which are not around to be sold to civilians. This shows that criminals will not be affected by these restrictions on guns since they will still acquire firearms illegally and continue terrorizing people (Jones, 7). Instead of implementing policies that will make the American citizens more vulnerable, legislators should focus on the root causes of rising crime rates and address them. Despite the above arguments against gun control, putting restrictions on firearm ownership may in a way reduce the rising crimes rates in the country. Gun control may prevent some gun related violence that occurs as a result of irresponsible gun handling. Gun control policies do not deny the American citizens their Second Amendment rights since it does not eliminate the ownership of guns but put restrictions on it. Gun control puts strict background checks on those who have applied for guns to prevent terrorists and criminals from acquiring firearms (Kleck Britt, 271). These policies will definitely reduce the gun-related violence. In conclusion, I believe that making ownership of firearms illegal to civilians will not prevent criminal from acquiring guns and committing crimes. If anything, gun control will only encourage criminals to commit crimes because their victims are unarmed. The paper established that regulation of firearm acquisition by the government will not reduce gun-related violence in the country. Taking away guns from law abiding citizens does not address the actual problem of crime but makes these citizens defenseless and vulnerable to attacks.

Edgar Allan Poe And Richard Connells Use Of Suspense

People reads books and they get their captured by the suspense the authors use to write their stories. Suspense is a key point for most readers it keeps them reading the book to see what happens next. Both Edgar Allan Poe and Richard Connell are very good authors that use a lot of suspense throughout their short stories. Poe’s â€Å"Cask of Amontillado† and Connell’s â€Å"The Most Dangerous Game† are two stories full of suspense. It’s unpredictable, surprising that we can’t figure out what happens next. .Through conflict, setting, and diction Poe and Connell are able to build suspense. Both Poe and Connell use diction to set the mysterious mood to create a suspenseful story. In â€Å"The Most Dangerous game† Connell uses his vivid details to build†¦show more content†¦Connell says, â€Å"Dense jungle came down to the very edge of the cliff† (Connell 3). There could be something hiding in the dense jungle. Connell uses those words in his story to make his readers wonder what is going to happen. In Poe’s story the setting describes the catacombs that Montresor and Fortunato were in. Poe writes,â€Å"It’s walls had been lined with human remains piled to the vault overhead† (Poe 376).The audience continues to question what is going to happen and why there are human remains on the walls all the way to the top. The more both authors describe their settings it makes us wonder what’s going to happen. Both Poe and Connell use very detailed setting to create a suspenseful story. By using conflict Poe and Connell can build up suspense. When Rainsford got to the house he found on the island he knowed and someone answered the door. Connell writes,â€Å"In his hand the manned along barreled revolver and he was pointing it straight at Rainsfords heart† (Connell 4). When we are reading we assume that he’s going to get shot but, we don’t know that until we finish reading. We assume things are going to happen because of the suspense. In Poe’s story Montresor wants revenge but we don’t know why. Poe exclaims, â€Å"But when he ventured upon insult I lowed revenge† (Poe 372). We know that Montresor wants revenge but we don’t know what he’s going to do or why he wants revenge. The conflict is a very good part of the storyShow MoreRelatedLiterary Techniques : Edgar Allan Poe And Richard Connell1598 Words   |  7 Pageslike suspense and foreshadowing, to create ageless stories and earn a position in the history o f literature. Well known authors, such as Edgar Allan Poe and Richard Connell, use specific literary techniques to inspire and horrify young minds through their timeless works of literature. Biography of Edgar A. Poe To start, Edgar Allan Poe suffered through tragedy, poverty, and failure most of his life, all trials that would mold him into a master of macabre literature. In January of 1809, Edgar AllanRead MoreInfluence Of A Life By Richard Connell And Edgar Allan Poe1600 Words   |  7 PagesLife Richard Connell and Edgar Allan Poe, two of the most famous authors at the time, are recognize by the different types of literature they wrote. Several of these pieces are still popular today. In many cases the life of the author can impact the different themes, or the techniques they use in their stories. Richard Connell’s and Edgar Allan Poe’s backgrounds reflects in the writing techniques they used to captivate their audience. Biography of Richard Connell The famous writer Richard ConnellRead MoreSuspense Short Stories1660 Words   |  7 Pagesended on a cliffhanger. That is called suspense. Suspense is when an author leaves you with questions. There are many different stories that use suspense as an ending such as â€Å"The Most Dangerous Game,† by Richard Connell; â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado,† by Edgar Allan Poe; and â€Å"The Adventure of the Speckled Band,† by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, all of which are in the collection of short stories titled Characters in Conflict. All of these stories have a great use of suspense, especially in the ending, which is

Does Participation Sports Keep Juveniles Out Of Trouble

Does Participation in Sports Keep Juveniles Out of Trouble? Today’s youth is our society’s future, which is why it is important to keep them safe and out of harm’s way. Children and teens who get into trouble are more likely to continue doing so as they reach adulthood. It is important to give children an alternative extra-curricular activity than hanging out with their friends unsupervised with peer pressure all around them. Sports can be a great way to help these children improve their lives. â€Å"Juvenile crime is on the rise, becoming more sophisticated, and Kids are beginning these behaviors at a younger age† (Wickliffe â€Å"Introduction†). Many studies have shown that children who are interested in sports are less likely to commit these crimes. Although having children involved in sports does not guarantee that they will stray away from criminal behavior, it does however, reduce the chances of them becoming involved. The earlier that children are involved in sports the better, because they could fin d that they truly enjoy them and wish to continue through middle and high school. A lifelong love of sports as a deterrent to less desirable behavior is something that society would like to promote. Teens who are involved in an extra-curricular activity like a sport are less likely to get in trouble, get better grades, and even live an overall healthier life (Servers â€Å"Reducing the Juvenile Delinquency Rate through Sports†). The main reason why teens are getting into trouble isShow MoreRelatedâ€Å"an Idle Mind Is the Devil’s Workshop†1736 Words   |  7 Pagesthat can lead to a deal of trouble. Parents are always looking to find ways to better their teen’s chances of avoiding these temptations. After school activities are seen as a way to keep teens out of trouble by consuming their time. Sports are a great way to keep teens from indulging in activities that could be looked down on. Not only do sports teach many life lessons and reduce teen†™s chances of getting into trouble, but they also help reduce health and obesity troubles by keeping them activeRead MoreI Am After School Programs2949 Words   |  12 Pageschildren of the future. The only problem with this statement is that the children of today seem to be getting into more trouble than anybody could imagine. Children are painting graffiti in the neighborhood, misbehaving at home and in some cases, showing no respect for the law. In a recent commentary in the publication of the Harvard Research Project, stated that participation in an after-school program gets children and youth off the streets and under supervision and potentially prevents some riskyRead MoreFuture of the Juvenile Justice System Proposal2603 Words   |  11 PagesFuture of the Juvenile Justice System Proposal Gina Tompkins, Marcus Hall, Terri Washington, Victor Jones CJA 374 November 24, 2013 Bruce Clingan Future of the Juvenile Justice System Proposal The juvenile justice system is designed to correct and change the behavior of juvenile offenders. Change in behavior is an indication the system is working. If there is no change, the system is deemed ineffective and a team of juvenile justice consultants are called in to make corrections. In realityRead MoreThe Positive and Negative Effects of Video Games3383 Words   |  14 Pagesways to solve puzzles and other problems in short bursts o Hand-eye coordination, fine motor and spatial skills. In shooting games, the character may be running and shooting at the same time. This requires the real-world player to keep track of the position of the character, where he/she is heading, their speed, where the gun is aiming, if the gunfire is hitting the enemy, and so on. All these factors need to be taken into account, and then the player must then coordinate the brainsRead MoreStudy Guide9234 Words   |  37 PagesChapter 1 - Conley 1. Some people accuse sociologists of observing conditions that are obvious. How does looking at sociology as â€Å"making the familiar strange† help counter this claim? How does sociology differ from simple commonsense reasoning? Sample answer: Sociologists may appear to study conditions that are obvious, but by making the familiar strange, they are able to move beyond commonsense reasoning and use evidence to really understand a topic. For example, students will say that they planRead MoreECONOMIC AND POLITICAL INTEGRATION AS THE MAIN PRINCIPLE OF EUROPEAN COMMUNITY ACTIVITIES5093 Words   |  21 Pagesmake. But what u think? Does it work for them? Absolutely not. moreover, this might lead to juvenile delinquency, with the children ending up in the courts, or it might simply make children self-centered, without any consideration for others. Other parents believe in being strict, but taken to extremes this can produce a too authoritarian atmosphere in the home, with the children being dominated and ruled by their parents. Parents can also be very possessive and try to keep their children dependentRead MoreEpekto Ng Polusyon19213 Words   |  77 PagesStockton Doves; Mal Watson-Dotchin Carol Larkman Suzi Debrah Trish Bridgewater for trusting me to carry out this research, for their enormous support, for providing me with the benefit of their vast experience and knowledge and for the fond memories of my time at Stockton Doves that I shall always value. And a big thank you to Dr Sue Becker for her inspiration, support, motivation and faith in me to carry out this research. And finally, thank you to my wonderful children: Esther Sarah Joshua Rosie for theirRead MoreControl Theory15246 Words   |  61 Pagestheories are stated parsimoniously. This means that his theory’s core propositions are easily understood (e.g., the lack of social bonds or of self-control increases criminal involvement). Second, Hirschi is combative and thus controversial. He stakes out a theoretical position and then argues that alternative perspectives are wrong. Hirschi (1983) has long been antagonistic to attempts to integrate theories. Good theories, he believes, have assumptions and an internal consistency that make them incompatibleRead MoreProvincial Jail10855 Words   |  44 PagesEnvironmental Design 13 2.3 Literature Related to Prison Architecture History and Design 17 2.4 Literature Related to Reformation Program of the Philippines 19 2.4.1 Inmate Work Program 20 2.4.2 Education and Skills Training 20 2.4.3 Recreation and Sports 21 2.4.4 Religious Guidance 21 2.4.5 Therapeutic Community Program 21 2.5 Five components of workable reformation program: 21 2.5.1 Reception and Diagnostics Center 21 2.5.2 Classification System 21 2.5.3 Individualized treatment. 22 2Read More School Shootings in America Essays5717 Words   |  23 PagesOn the next few pages is a watchlist for noticing signs of violence in your child. Watch for Signs... Take Action See also: The Department of Education and the Department of Justice have also produced an early warning guide for spotting trouble in schools Know signs that kids are troubled and know how to get them help. Look for such signs as: ï‚ · Lack of interest in school ï‚ · Absence of age-appropriate anger control skills ï‚ · Seeing self as always the victim ï‚ · Persistent disregard

Ptsd Is The Abbreviation For Post Traumatic Stress Disorder

PTSD is the abbreviation for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. The general classification according to the DSM-V is 309.81 with an Axis I. This disorder is no longer classified as an anxiety disorder rather it is now classified as a trauma and stressor related disorder. That means anyone who experienced (direct exposure), witnessed or was confronted with an event that they might have feared for their life, and or caused serious injury to them, such as a sexual trauma event like rape. This can happen to anyone at any age, it is not just a soldier’s disorder and it haunts them for a very long time. In order to be diagnosed with PTSD there is a criterion that they use to evaluate or meet the individual’s needs for treatment. The†¦show more content†¦That is why the soldier’s had changed their behavior according to Da Costa. These are also considered some of the symptoms in PTSD today. Another name that people are familiar with came about during World War I, a nd that was shellshock. This battle was fought with high air pressure artillery that exploded when fired. The reason they called it this is because they thought that when the soldier’s had been exposed to the shells exploding it cause them to have a concussion from the brain being rattled inside of the skull and that is what caused their behaviors and symptoms. Then came World War II .A new name called â€Å"combat fatigue† or â€Å"combat exhaustion.† The reason for that is because after the first war they screened may people so the weaker ones would not pass and would not be sent out to fight. Even though they did this the soldier’s still came back with severe behavior and mental issues and would be discharged from the service. It was not until after the Korean War and the start of the Vietnam War that Psychiatrists started looking at the behaviors and issues that surrounded them. The term PTSD did not show up until the 80’s after the Vietnam War . The American Psychiatric Association who writes the DSM which stands for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders added this disorder to the manual to help professionals understand it and how to treat the individual that was seeking help. This disorder was not discovered by one person it is

August Ferdinand Mobius Essay Example For Students

August Ferdinand Mobius Essay August Ferdinand Mbius was born on November 17, 1790 in Schulpforta, Germany. (Then called Saxony.) He was the only child of Johann Heinrich Mobius, a dancing teacher. She was related to the famous Martin Luther, the man responsible for writing the document known as the 96 Thesis. Mbius himself was home schooled until he was thirteen. Showing an avid interest in mathematics, he went to college in Schulpforta, Germany in 1803. When Mbius graduated from college in 1809 he became a student at the university of Leipzig. Here he started to study law against the will of his family. However, halfway through his first year he realized that law did not fit his interests. He then switched to the study of mathematics, physics, and astronomy. During his time in college, some well-known mathematicians and astronomers influenced Mbius. It is said that his greatest influence was that of Karl Mollweide, his astronomy teacher. Mollweide is known for the trigonometric relations he discovered in 1807. Mbius then went to Gttingen, Germany in 1813. Here he studied under Carl Friedrich Gauss. Gauss, like Mollweide, was also an astronomer. However, Gauss main interests were mathematical. From Gttingen Mbius went to Halle and studied under Johann Pfaff, Gauss teacher. Pfaff taught him mainly mathematics. By the end of his studies, Mbius had established firm roots in both mathematics and astronomy. In 1816, Mbius was appointed to the chair of astronomy at Leipzig. He hoped to soon become a full professor. However, his hopes were abolished when it became clear that Mbius ability to give an interesting lecture was not quite up to par. In fact, he had to advertise his lectures as being free just to get people to come to them. He was, however, offered other jobs as a proffessor in both mathematics and astronomy at other schools. He turned these jobs down due to his loyalty to Leipzig. In 1844, Mobius was offered professorship at the University of Jena. Seeing how they might lose Mobius, Lei pzig granted him full professorship. Mobius was also an observer at the observatory at leipzig. He was also involved in the reconstruction of the observatory. He was supervisor of this project. In 1820 he married and would later have one daughter and two sons. In 1848 he became director of the observatory. On september 26, 1868, mobius died. One of the great mathematicians had passed. Mbius made many contributions to the world of mathematics. The Mbius strip, Mbius net, Mbius function, and Mobius inversion formula. He also wrote a paper entitled Uber eine besondere Art von Umkehrung der Reihen, which introduced the Mbius function. Mbius also focused on analytical geometry and was considered a pioneer in topology. He also wrote important papers contributing to theoretical astronomy. These papers included The Principles of Astronomy and The Elements of Celestrial Mechanics. Mbius is best known for his work in the area of topology. Topology can be divided into three main areas: point set topology, algebraic topology, and differrential topology. The first studies in the area of topology are acctually credited to Euclid, but Mbius did some major pioneering action also. His most famous topological discovery is the mobius stip. Have you ever wondered what that odd-looking shape on the bottom of recycleable products is? Probably not, why would you. But in case you have, i t is a Mbius strip. The strip is a one sided band and apparently has no beginning or end. Thus it efficiently represents the recycling program. What is so special about this strip? First, it is one of the few one sided surfaces known to man. One can take a marker, start coloring anywhere on the strip, and color every visible part without lifting the marker. Second, one can make such a fascinating object anytime, anywhere. Simply take a long strip of paper, turn it 180 degrees, and attach the ends. It is that simple. The Mbius strip is just one of many important contributions made by Mbius to the math world. Without these contributions, we would miss out on important and fascinating information in both the areas of mathematics and astronomy. Mbius was truly one of historys greatest mathematiciansBibliographyBibliographyhttp://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Mobius.htmlhttp://www.theriver.com/mobiusjewelry/tms.htmlwysiwyg://19/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/people/A0 833513.htmlMathematics