Formal Report Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Formal Report - Research Paper Example The examination uses data from both optional and essential sources. The essential wellspring of the data is a survey that was submitted to Market Industry Service Branch of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC). The outcomes were investigated and some measurably anticipated to make an outline of the exchange and its prosperity rate. The auxiliary sources used in the report incorporate web look, some academic articles giving an account of Canada’s agri-food business and Hong Kong’s socioeconomics and current food circumstance. The other optional sources remember articles for periodicals and a book that subtleties extensive data on chilly chain coordinations. The report is routed to AAFC, which thusly should extend the business ties of Agri-food items to Hong Kong. The key result of the report is that UTi Worldwide Inc. has a potential business chance to give the refrigerated vehicle administrations to Agri-food from Canada to Hong Kong. The happening to globalization has changed over the world into one little town where some key significant variables towards monetary development, for example, correspondence, and transportation have gotten simple to accomplish. In any case, with regards to coordinations it is imperative to take note of that physical partition stays to be a significant reality that we need to remember (Theo Notteboom and Rodrigue 217). It requires some investment to proficiently and successfully to ship merchandise over significant distances particularly abroad. This shipment turns into a fragile business particularly when there are delays and the shipment is for short-lived items. It is therefore that numerous enterprises, for example, food, clinical, rural, and pharmaceutical businesses are falling back on the virus chain innovation. Numerous transportation organizations have understood this specialty and created specific administrations that attention on transportation of

Fashion Brand - FCUK Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

10 Skills You Probably Don’t Realize You Need To Get Hired

10 Skills You Probably Don’t Realize You Need To Get Hired Employing supervisors every now and again need to pick between competitors of comparative bore and capabilities. That choice is frequently made on â€Å"soft skills,† instead of the clothing rundown of pertinent experience and explicit occupation related ability, so it’s progressively critical to chip away at those subtle additional components. Here are the top 10.Writing SkillsThought when you studied Biology that your long periods of English papers and outlining sentences were behind you? Reconsider. Composing aptitudes are consistently significant considerably more so now, when such a large number of positions are set up to work remotely and require broad email or visit based correspondence. You should have the option to communicate unmistakably and accurately and impart viably, or you’ll begin losing out.If you’re truly in the forested areas, consider taking a composing course on the web or at a proceeding with instruction focus. It can have a signific ant effect down the road.Speaking SkillsYou can be extraordinary on paper, yet at the same time not realize how to converse with individuals. Regardless of whether you’re not the customer interface type, you’d be astounded what number of employing administrators would like to enlist somebody who can impart adequately vis-à-vis. Ensure listening is a piece of your correspondence procedure as well.ConfidenceThere’s a distinction between confidence (or being confident) and being a snap. When you make sense of where that line is, certainty includes significant shimmer factor and can wind up mesh you the activity. Figure out how to extend this sort of air of success.If you’re short on it-or timid never dread. It isn’t a hereditary qualities given blessing; it very well may be developed gradually. Counterfeit it ‘til you make it!Self-ManagingEven if your new manager is a micromanager, odds are she despite everything needs you to have the option to oversee yourself more often than not. This implies dealing with your time successfully, self-beginning, and keeping up ideal efficiency. The more you can adequately deal with your own time and exhibit that you can, the better and almost certain you are to get the job.HobnobbingNetworking may not ever be expressed as a vocation prerequisite, however it’s an essential ability for any activity. Realizing how to function a room and appeal individuals is a tremendous segment of best vocation ways. Buff up your system and your systems administration aptitudes; they can land you the position and set you okay with whatever may come next.Computer SkillsEven if you’re a complete sham with regards to innovation, you need to work at it. Today’s advertise basically expects you to have some wise with essential innovation and programming. There are huge amounts of instructional exercises on the web. Look over the projects and specialized apparatuses your position would requir e before the meeting. In any event, be an email wizard-brief and precise.Critical ThinkingThis is the main unspeakable aptitude you’re expected to learn in school. Your future manager has to realize that you not onlyâ follow orders, butâ you additionally are effectively occupied with critical thinking and key reasoning. Imagination is critical. What's more, straightforward things-like the capacity to take a gander at an issue from each point, or consider a contrary position-can go far, both throughout everyday life and on the job.NegotiationYou don’t simply need exchange aptitudes for compensation conversations. They come in valuable duringâ conflict goals and critical thinking, also. Do a touch of adding something extra to how you can improve these skills.TeamworkNo one cares how extravagant your accreditations are; on the off chance that you can’t function admirably with the group, you’re not going to land the position. So leave behind your inner sel f figure out how to be a group player.Pick a profession wherein you believe you would fit the working environment culture, so you’re not continually attempting to fit yourself into an ungainly box. Figure out how to give and take helpful analysis, how to work together, and how to construct trust with different individuals from your team.Emotional IntelligenceThis goes inseparably with cooperation. It’s just unrealistic to be socially or sincerely musically challenged any longer. Affectability to the requirements and sentiments of your collaborators is an absolute necessity. Figure out how to truly tune in and hear what individuals are stating. Furthermore, have the option to change over your insight into genuine compassion. You won’t simply show signs of improvement work; you’ll be a superior individual.

Hamlet's feigned madness and Ophelia's real madness Essay

Hamlet's faked franticness and Ophelia's genuine frenzy - Essay Example Hamlet shows various abnormal practices during the play. He resists the apparition requests of slaughtering Claudius for various reasons (1.1.12). As per the Roman and Greek retribution disasters, it is irregular to slaughter a lord and extra the sovereign. Hamlet needs more displeasure in him to vindicate for homicide, yet he incenses it with enough sympathy to save his mother’s interbreeding activities. He delays causing and enduring passing since presenting on death’s edge guides him to a grouping of profoundly lighting up experiences and minutes that he imparts to the crowd. Hamlet needs to be certain that Claudius is totally liable before he chooses to vindicate his father’s demise. He tragically gets confirmation that happens to be a snare (1.5.40). Claudius capture Hamlet and removes him from the nation. At the point when Hamlet at last chooses to submit the demonstration, he winds up murdering an inappropriate man by the name Polonius (4.1). It is huge to take note of that Hamlet is especially malcontented and despairing with Denmark’s situation and in his family. He feels sold out and frustrated that his mom wedded his uncle so right on time after his dad bites the dust. His words, when discussing his mom, much of the time show his doubt of and repugnance with ladies for the most part. During different scenes in the play, he thinks about kicking the bucket and mulls over self destruction. In any case, paying little mind to everything with which Hamlet concedes disappointment, it is significant that he should consider these issues just in philosophical and individual terms. The franticness that Hamlet shows begins as anguish for his father’s demise. Out of pain, he wishes that his tissue would soften and transform into dew. He experiences numerous feelings when his mom decides to wed Claudius,... The paper tells that the contrast among Hamlet and different messes around retribution is that, in Hamlet the watcher never observes the vengeance occurring. The play doesn't show the crowd the normal; rather it persistently delays the vengeance of Hamlet. The postponement is on the grounds that Hamlet endeavors to acquire certain information concerning what he is doing. In Hamlet, conviction along with feelings, brain research and morals influence activities. Hamlet himself appears to question the idea that it is plausible act in an intentional and controlled manner. He likes to act savagely, aimlessly and wildly when he decides to do as such. The contention is whether Hamlet is really frantic or simply acting. Hamlet’s franticness is among the different unanswered inquiries that the play raises, an inconceivable puzzle. No different, the unpredictability and sheer vulnerability of Hamlet's psychological state and conflicting conduct is unquestionable and seems to address the general uncertainty and vulnerability environment of the play. The away from of Ophelia into franticness, and later suffocating, is decently of a different issue. Pundits concur that Ophelia goes frantic because of the consistent maltreatment from Hamlet. She breaks under the weight of man centric powers that has noteworthy ramifications for the depiction of sex and sexual orientation in the play. It's anything but a slip-up that it is unimaginable for the crowd to know the genuine mental territory of Hamlet. The vulnerability of the crowd mirrors the regular uncertainty and equivocalness that describes the entire play.

Linguistic history on punjabi family free essay sample

My family’s phonetic history is a principle job of one individual from every family that speaks to reflect others. My family’s phonetic history venture depends on my mom’s history and how that reflects me. While my mother was growing up, she didn’t free any language yet just increased a language. She increased a language as a result of her development, which thought about me a ton. A large portion of my mom’s history while growing up affected me and changed my life as well. Her experience data talked the trouble she had between various dialects, which influenced me from various perspectives. These following sections are about my mom’s history and how it streams to reflect me. Beginning of with my mother, her name is Manjeet Kaur and her side of the family is from India, Punjab-Amritsar. This nation and spot thought about my life supposing that my mom’s side of the family didn't originate from India-Punjab, I wouldn’t know the awesome culture that I speak to right know. We will compose a custom paper test on Phonetic history on punjabi family or then again any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page She was conceived in 1978, August 5, which reflected me in such a case that she weren’t conceived around then, I wouldn’t be here right now. She figured out how to peruse and write in India when she was 6-years of age. Her first language was Punjabi with no issue talking it however when she moved to the United States of America, she got the hang of talking and composing English gradually by gradually. She had difficult time communicating in English when she moved to the United States of America yet at the same time attempted her best. This announcement about my mother learning English really reflected herself since when school had begun just because, my sibling and me more regularly communicate in English at home as opposed to Punjabi. She had learned English by simply hearing me and my sibling talk in English yet she didn’t simply stop their to learning English since she realized she was passing up a great opportunity a ton of the primary data so she began approaching numerous ELA related inquiry for instance, she would ask (How would we say our names in English or How would we welcome others and the sky is the limit from there). While learning English, my mother didn’t truly lose her Punjabi language yet while showing my mother English, I discovered that for once I am showing a grown-up something significant which did reflected me. My mother feels solid and hearty about her essential language since she is almost certain that she won't overlook her essential language. Likewise, she would not overlook her Punjabi language she talks Punjabi with her family members. My mother feels solid and hearty about her essential language since she says â€Å"with her essential language, she has gotten this far to learning English†. My mother says that since I realize her essential language well and she knows it as well so we make an interpretation of through that language to get my mother to know English much better. At the point when she utilizes her essential language, it would probably be with her family members utilizing her own language. Later on, she would not overlook her essential language since she would utilize it with my sibling, my father, and me, etc with her family members. In my decision, I express that my mom’s phonetic history influences me too from numerous points of view. This additionally would influence me since I have a fundamental job to lead and bolster my mother that she could achieve her objective to learn English and not to overlook her essential language. These meetings truly assist me with social affair data on her history and responded to the entirety of my inquiries the manner in which I posed. Language learned or lost the two was replied and finished her inclination and thinking’s on the particular dialects. The eventual fate of her language causes me direct this article positively as well however the principle part on how these inquiry and answers reflected me.

Does Your Applying for Common App Have to Be Good?

Does Your Applying for Common App Have to Be Good?By the time you finish reading this article, you will be able to determine if a 2020 Common App essay topics will be able to make you hold on to your job or not. The decision is always yours.You are presented with these scenarios of recent times: first is the latest inventions from the new technologies, second is the decline of employment opportunities due to the saturation of the industries, and third is the increase in competition between the workers. This only means that we need to do more to establish our company and as a result the way we conduct our business. You can never remain happy if you remain unemployed.If you cannot see the point in hiring an essay topics editor for your company's application essay, then you should hire a professional. We highly recommend you employ the services of an essay writing agency that specializes in editing both social and technical essay topics.In fact, every time you do research in the Interne t about resumes and employer essays, you will find this agency included among the many companies that offer this service. These companies are regarded by some as 'cheaters' because they have trained their members to cheat their clients, but these services do not deserve to be called a 'cheat'.The truth is that hiring a professional for the editing of your social and technical essay topics will guarantee you that your application will be submitted by the deadline. This service will ensure that the essay topics are original and not plagiarized. Aside from this, the agency will provide you with relevant feedback that will tell you how to improve your application.Another important aspect of this service is the submission of the task. All of the tasks will be made by the professional and you will not need to worry about the quality of the work. And you can rest assured that you will get the details of how to complete your assignment when you call.The above factors also include a guarante e that your application will not be disqualified for any reason. Because this service is directed by professionals, they have the tools and the means to detect every sort of plagiarism that you may have and disqualify it.The 2020 Common App is the only organization that makes a distinction between originality and plagiarism. The major goal of the Common App is to help students, so it is very important that their essays contain no mistakes and provide authentic data to its readers.

Study On Financial Statements And Ratios Of Banks - Free Essay Example

4.0 Introduction The data analysis chapter has been divided into two parts. In the first part, I have tried to do some sort of quantitative analysis. The first part is based on the financial statements and key ratios of both the chosen banks. Again it was broken down into sub-points like the analysis of data before recession and after recession. Some key ratios were calculated, compared and analysed from the financial data of last 10 years for both the banks. The second part of this chapter is a mixture of literature review data analysis and some points were written with reference to the analysis done in first part in my own words. 4.1 Analysis of Data Derived from Financial Statements and Ratios 4.1.1 Bank Status before Recession After Recession To be able to answer our research questions it is imperative to look at the two companies data from financial statements, this will reveal the risks inherent in each banks operation. The analysis utilizes data from the financial statements of the banks under review from year 2005 to 2010 just before recession started. While the two banks have similarities in risk management RBS use pounds while HSBC use dollars as the basis currency in the books of accounts, while this may hinder the analysis especially quantitative analysis the general data increase and decrease is an important aspect sufficient for this study. 4.2 Financial Position of RBS 4.2.1 Financial Position of RBS before recession (2004-2005, 2005-2006, 2006-2007) The Royal Bank of Scotland turnover had been on steady increase, in the financial year ending December 2007 the turnover was ÂÂ £30,366 million; in 2005 the turnover was ÂÂ £25902 million while in the year ending 2006 turnover increased to ÂÂ £28002 million. In 2005 operating profits were ÂÂ £7936 million while in 2006 operating profits increased marginally to ÂÂ £9186 and in 2007 ÂÂ £9807 million. Profits before tax has been on steady increase from ÂÂ £7936million in 2005 to ÂÂ £9186 and ÂÂ £9832 million in 2006 and 2007 million respectively. 4.2.2 Financial Position of RBS After Recession (2007-2008, 2009-2010) The turnover for year 2008 was ÂÂ £25868 Million and finally the turnover for the year ending December 2009 was ÂÂ £38690 million. In but in 2008 and 2009 losses of ÂÂ £40836 and ÂÂ £2595 were recorded respectively, this was after recession started. The full details for the full year 2010 results have not been announced but the first half results profits had increased by 44% to ÂÂ £3950 million. Table 1 Royal Bank of Scotland Profit and loss Extracts Year Ended 31 Dec 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 ÂÂ £millions ÂÂ £ ÂÂ £ ÂÂ £ ÂÂ £ ÂÂ £ ÂÂ £ Turnover 38690.0 25868.0 30366.0 28002.0 25902.0 Operating Profit Q3 726 -2595 -40836.0 9807 9186 7936 Profits before tax -2595 -40836.0 9832.0 9186.0 7936.0 Source; RBS website 4.3 Financial Positions of HSBC 4.3.1 Financial Positions of HSBC before recession On the other hand the turnovers for HSBC on the financial years under review were as follows; year 2007 the turnover was $ 87601 million, $ 61704 million in 2005 and $70070 million in 2006 in terms of operating profits, the group managed $20966.0m, $21240.0m and $22709.0m in years 2005, 2006 and 2007 respectively. Profits before tax were $20966m, $22086m, and $24212m in years 2005, 2006, and 2007. 4.3.2 Financial Positions of HSBC After recession The group managed a turnover of $ 88571 million and $ 78631 million in 2008 and 2009 accounting periods respectively. HSBC recorded $ 22709 million profit in 2007; however the profits declined substantially to $7646 million in 2008 and $ 5298 in 2009 again profits were affected as recessionary fears started. In third quarter of 2010 the profits increased marginally. Table 2 HSBC Profit and Loss Extracts Year Ended 31 Dec 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 $millions $ $ $ $ $ $ Turnover 78631 88571 87601 70070 61704 Operating Profit 5298 7646 22709 21240 20966 Profit before tax 7079 7079 9307 24212 20086 20966 Source: HSBC website 4.4 Tabular, Graphical representation, interpretation and analysis of key ratios of HSBC RBS for last 10 years In the next few pages, I have tried to present the data in tables, graphs and charts. Some of the data was presented and calculated for last 10 years and some for the last 5-6 years. Some of the key ratios as given below were calculated, analysed and compared for both the banks. Net Interest Margin Return on equity Capital adequacy Liquidity ratio Non-performing assets ratio Loans Turnover ratio Loans to Assets ratio Gross Yield on Earning Assets (GYEA) Table 3 HSBC Ratio Analysis in percentage Year Ending 31 Dec 2010 up to June 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2001 Net Interest Margin 3.25 3.09 3.05 2.00 3.4 2.04 2.60 2.54 2.24 ROE 11.1 12.3 11.21 9.62 11.60 12.25 11.2 15.6 13.21 Capital Adequacy 11.50 11.60 11.75 10.89 10.97 11.01 11.12 11.31 11.63 Liquidity ratio 2.20 2.50 3.62 4.21 5.31 6.54 1.23 1.11 2.15 Nonperforming assets ratio 2.17 2.27 2.12 2.14 2.16 2.14 2.11 2.01 2.00 Loans Turnover ratio 66.2 55.2 25.10 29.2 54.0 59.1 67.12 74.21 76.45 Loans to Assets ratio 0.60 0.40 0.22 0.15 0.12 0.113 0.21 0.28 0.32 GYEA 5.21 4.60 4.49 4.36 4.24 4.42 4.68 4.29 3.26 Source: Data glanced from HSBC website and did personal analysis. Figure 4 HSBC ratio analyses (Note: all the figures are in percentage) Table 4 RBS Ratio analysis as a percentage Year Ending 31 Dec 2010 up to June 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2001 Net Interest Margin 1.97 1.76 1.70 1.75 1.83 1.91 2.01 2.03 1.92 ROE 12 11.5 11.4 9 9.6 9.12 14 11.2 10 Capital Adequacy 12.51 11.44 11.95 12.98 11.72 11.10 12.21 13.11 13.23 Liquidity Ratio 3.21 2.42 3.21 5.22 3.23 3.29 2.23 2.11 3.15 Nonperforming Assets Ratio 11.1 14.1 16.1 12.15 12.11 12.10 11.11 11.01 10.10 Loans Turnover Ratio 66.9 45.25 44.15 39.2 44.0 49.12 57.21 63.32 66.00 Loans to Assets Ratio 1.56 1.45 1.35 1.40 1.19 0.20 0.89 0.46 0.56 GYEA 3.33 4.6 2.12 4.06 4.12 3.28 2.86 2.92 2.45 Source: Data glanced from RBS website and did personal analysis Fig. Comparison of the two banks PL data Generally over the years the turnover of the two banks has been increasing but the increase in HSBC turnover has been moderate while that of RBS has been steep. HSBC has managed to remain profitable for the period of analysis showing that the company has been able to mitigate the risks well as compared to RBS. RBS made substantial operating losses amounting to 2595 million in 2009 and had to be supported by the government as a result of subprime mortgage crisis. The data show that HSBC has adopted prudent management even though profits declined, the ratios show the group has maintained strong capital base Findings During the two years before year 2009 and after the two banks were adversely affected by economic condition. The profit and loss analysis from the two banks show that HSBC has been able to tackle liquidity risks well as it has been able to maintain profitability through out even during the recession on the other hand RBS was affected and made losses in 2007, 2008 and 2009 but the half year available indicate the bank has returned to profitability after the government support. The profitability before tax is shown in the figure below. Figure 5 Source: Data glanced from RBS and HSBC websites and did personal analysis Note: HSBS figures are in million dollars while figures for RBS are in million pounds. 4.5 Literature Review Data Analysis This dissertation presents the underlying strategies and approaches applied by the top UK banks in learning the differences between HSBC and Royal Bank of Scotland. The strategies and approaches are observed before and after the recession period when assets and stocks were reducing in value putting the banks in worst case financial scenario. To compare their financial, business and operational risks concern will create a bigger picture. The aim is to determine which between the two banks has a better and effective approach and strategy in the risk-reduction initiatives (Drew Michael, et al., 1996) Banks in United Kingdom have relied upon a proven system of strong liquidity risk management. This has been in existence for over three years now and since the system was started banks have made it a priority to update their systems of risk management to keep abreast with the changing demands of the society and technological innovations associated with risk management. Financial stabi lity is easily achieved by following less complicated process and that is to stick to the rules and created in less difficult way that whenever you try to explain it to a customer or client. The grasp of the policy will then be easily absorbed (Issing, 2004). The liquidity risk management of most United Kingdom has been seen to be strong and responsive whenever banks experience risks. Banks have to ensure that they exercise prudent risk management to be able to provide customer satisfaction, but some of the banks are less committed to the task to minimize their exposure to risks. It can be costly to the bank and expose the bank to court cases, licence cancellation by the supervisory authorities and customers withdrawing from the bank. The only way to do this is to create a reliable system of liquidity risk management (Issing, 2004). Risk management actions count the most in the future and especially in setting the reputation of the banks. Extra effort is required in creating p olicies that will withstand the effect of any risks. Being able to communicate the recent risk situation among the team members will help a lot in the resolution and in effectively carrying out the regulations which they intended to implement for the banks organization. A manifestation of a high level of activity would spell a lot of difference compared to those who lag behind due to poor management risk planning (Kahf Homud, 1998). An effective liquidity risk management is able to make anticipations on the occurrence of future risks. There is also a type of liquidity risk management that can only provide satisfactory level of service or performance, however, it possess certain weakness though very insignificant, it may still deliver anticipated results like those managements that are strong since it only manifest very minor signs ineffectiveness (Bank of England 2007). HSBS and the Royal Bank of Scotland are not just the top banks in United Kingdom they are the two banks tha t show an impressive liquidity risk management. This record could be very much proven by the profits earned annually and the impression they make among their customers is excellent and they never settle for anything less. The two banks have applied similar systems although HSBC is the bank that shows the most impressive and effective strategy/ approach against a liquidity risk. They always make sure to protect not only their money but also protect the welfare of their customers and intend to move with them and manage their finances by avoiding incompetence in dealing with liquidity risks. HSBS guides their customer from the time they enter the institution until the time they become part of a much growing and impressive banking industry (Bank of England 2007). In the last two years HSBC only experienced short term recession only, they had prepared for the recession, through management and the fact that they had experienced a crisis before and had rectified it by creating a frame w ork that worked well for the bank. Prudent risk management at HSBC can be analysed by looking at the profits that the bank has earned recently where the bank doubled its half-year profits by posting ÂÂ £7 billion as at August 2010, this is at a time when smaller banks were feeling the effects of recession. Analysts have seen the capabilities of the bank base from their well-managed systems and strategies. They had already expected such things to happen so there is nothing surprising about that (Goodway, 2007). The banks have taken all necessary precautions and the management maintains optimism that in case of risks they will find a way out. The way the two banks react to problems is always quick thus they are able to find real time solutions. This strategy is a good way of keeping loyal customers. The primary goal is to offer consistency in performance whether the nature of the transaction differs or not, this is exemplified by the HSBC spirit of being consistent and reliabl e in every possible way. One of the ways that the banks have avoided the risks is to anticipate the risks thus making in advance plans. HSBC has made a point to anticipate risks and make plans to mitigate or avoid the risks completely, this is seen in the banks preparation of the recession in the last two years the bank made adequate plans and adopted prudent lending, adopted technology and minimized operations expenses, while other bank were unprepared and had to be rescued by the government. HSBC operates inn flexible economies, this has been explained by looking at the diversity of the markets it operates, and this gave the bank diversity as not all markets experienced recession. HSBC reaction to risks is a testimony to its objective to effectively handle risks, one such objective identified in the study was is to create liquidity through making an arrangement to leaseback or sell assets whenever loans are defaulted (Goodway, 2007) On the other hand, the Royal Bank of Sc otland has similar strategies, before recession the management had drawn a plan on risk management, this is exemplified by the fact that they didnt change their banking rates during this period. Although they needed to take precautions on the insurance, once this has been resolved they could go back to the most important part which is keeping the business even more profitable (Aldrick, 2008). Royal Bank of Scotland (2011) strategy has been to invest heavily in being relevant to the needs of the customer; the bank has also created a buffer to protect the bank in times of recession. In 2007 the bank lost 3% in book value as it experienced subprime related mortgage crisis, but the bank made an effort in ensuring that the customers needs were addressed as soon as possible and assured clients that their accounts with the bank were safe. The Royal Bank of Scotland has not seen changes in sub-prime related write downs, the bank has remained stable. During the recession the bank st ill managed ÂÂ £ 1.1 billion in half year profits, though the bank was affected by recession as it could not prevent the effects of recession on their profits and capital enhancements. When making a comparison between the two banks, they differ on how they carry out their risk strategies but have similar characteristics. 4.5.1 Implications of recession on house mortgage and corresponding subprime losses HSBC has always tried to offer options that are sustaining and a relief to those who are about to lose their home due to the effect of recession, some of the options are leaseback and sales. In terms risk management HSBC has adopted a different approach when it comes to helping customers experiencing cash flow problems in paying mortgage. The bank identifies the need to assess the urgency to save the customers financial status or his house under mortgage (Goodway, 2007); the bank allows customers to modify their loan allowing customers to pay the loan at an adjusted future time. This reduces the risk to both the customer and the bank. On the other hand Royal Bank of Scotland reduce risks by allowing variable or fixed mortgage rate, and has applied the straightforward approach where a customer mortgage application is approved decisively, this ensures the payments are as flexible as possible. The bank has also limited the bank charges it can attach to an account thus creating cust omer satisfaction. 4.5.2 Bank Strategies and Policies Applied The effectiveness of the banks strategy and approach can be analysed by looking at how well the banks management performed their roles. As risks are recognized the management needs to assess the risks and careful interpretation of the consequences. If the management do not carefully assess the crisis, then the risk might probably worsen until it can no longer be helped (RBS, 2011). The loan modification adopted by HSBC may not work as it is difficult to find a common ground. It may also not be possible to carry out assessment and evaluation. The Royal Bank of Scotland has minimized its risk exposure by allowing the straightforward method, thus the bank is able to assess the qualification of each customer. 4.5.3 Criteria for house mortgage loan allocation Both banks utile interest options, period of payment, and a flexible payment options. However, the criteria need to be assessed on individual application basis while at the same time maintaining objectivity and should not be applied to all. This criterion has to be flexible in terms of meeting the customer needs such as unforeseen circumstances. The current criteria risk the banks profit if it is contravened, it should allow the customers meet their monthly loan repayment deadlines. It can be very well taken into account that the system used by these two is similar to those applied by the rest of the banks in United Kingdom (Effros, 1998). However, the researcher intends to discuss the reliability of the system utilized by the two chosen banks as they encounter inevitable risks in global economic environment. A study of the HSBC system shows how well they have managed risks that have placed other banks in receivership. The study helps to understand the important issues needs to be tackled by a bank to manage risks successfully. The two banks have had good financial risk management, in terms managing the credit and market risks by having a proper risk assessment. These two risks take place when an improper assessment is made (Newman, 2006). Strong and reliable management organization has been used as a tool to help the banks strengthen and arrive to a risk free system. In case of system failures a dependable measure has been created that would minimize financial implications. The banks initiative is to push the participation of the depositors in the program and to treat them as among the driving force which affects the system. The methods are extensively researched and adapted among institutions which mean that it has been carefully checked (Banks, 2003). Extensive study on the feasibility of the issue in addressing the effectiveness of system implemented in the banking institution. In the previous discussion, regarding the imposition of law aff ecting banking system, the European banks are known to be sanctioned under a strict regulation whereby giving them less control over their own management. The variability in the solution technique being employed by either HSBC or the Royal Bank of Scotland cannot simply be the solution to this problem. It is the way they approach the problem with a system proven by time. The HSBC and the Royal Bank of Scotland have several financial planning portfolios in helping the customers reach their goals. The two banks have manifested expertise in providing the most expert advice on planning and investing. They consider it as their responsibility to provide their customer with the best advice available and have to be right and fitting to their customers needs. They exert and commit themselves as they go the extra mile of keeping their customers for a lifetime by answering and addressing quickly their customers growing demands and they have never failed to do so (Newman, 2006). The banks will not wait in vain but makes sure that they get to customers and provides them with a personalized service that cannot be found from other bank institutions creating confidence and trust with the customers. No wonder these two banks were voted top United Kingdom banks (Duttweiler, 2009). The assessment of the policy utilized by these two banks operates as a measure that monitors whether a prescribed risk guideline has been complied with and then makes a report accordingly (Crouhy, 2006). The design of the policy has been able to achieve the appropriate strategy, though require the framework and the funding capacity be adequately met by the funding institution. The design as a result, gives the customer the assurance and the security as they are given the key role and part in developing the system. The United Banking system has also been extensively analysed in this dissertation. Risks such as the financial and operational risks has been analysed by relating them to the str ategies being employed by each bank, thus, an empirical method has been applied by exploring details about each bank. Various important factors about a banking institutions risk management system have been looked into as well. Looking into the advantages of a well-organized risk management banking system will help minimize damages brought by liquidity risks. A well-managed and well carried management plan will save the bank from recovering from years, after suffering from significant financial risks. Chapter 6 Conclusions and Recommendations 6.1 Conclusions While the data analysed show similarities in the way the two banks manage liquidity risks HSBC has prudently managed the risks better as compared to RBS. The profits before tax for the two banks indicate that RBS made losses for the last two years while HSBC has maintained profitability despite recession. Fair amount of loans have been advanced that may not pose great risk to both banks, the loan to asset rate is low for both banks and this reduces unnecessary exposure to bad debts. The ratios indicate the banks have maintained adequate capital bases that can with stand systemic risks. HSBC has managed to maintain low operating margins leveraging on technology to deliver products thus avoiding high staff expenses, on the other hand RSB government ownership reduces the risk exposure and thus the bank has been able to obtain loans from the bank after the recent recession, the operating margins are negative for the last two years indicating the bank has not been able to achieve optimal operations. After a sustained increase in the operating profits of RBS before the recession profits declined from 9807 million pounds in 2007 to losses of 2595 million pounds, this emanated from the exposure of the bank to mortgage related risks therefore to ensure the bank is protected from the risk the bank should carry out evaluation on the ability of the customers to meet the monthly mortgage requirements. The effectiveness of the risks management policies of the banks under study has been evaluated, to be able to have a wider view about risk management bank mortgage and subsequent reaction to recession has been analysed. When the risk management policies that each of the banks under consideration is evaluated, HSBC possess the most formidable liquidity risk management policy implementation well articulated in the banks reaction to the recession. The study established that the liquidity risk management plays an important role in monitoring the flow of assets into the banks system. Banks are required to have standard set of policy to affect its benefits. However, without a reliable system from which the organization management plan is created, it is easy to say that such a management plan will not be effective. It will produce no progress at all and could costly on the part of those who implement these management strategies. Since the two banks have applied similar systems; HSBC is the bank that shows the most impressive and effective strategy/ approach against liquidity risk. They always make sure to protect not only their money also they make sure that they protect the welfare of their customers. The dissertation focus on the UK banking system was ideal as the perfect niche where to study liquidity risk because the banks have a wide access to almost all parts of the world and. The banks are universal and possess that impressive banking track record. HSBC and the Royal Banks of Scotland are equally as competent and committed to a strong liquidity risk management (Casu Molyneux, 2001). However, this study was limited to the top two banks it is recommended that in order to understand liquidity risk a study should be conducted not only on those two banks but also on those ranked at the bottom. This way it is possible to understand the liquidity risk in the banking industry and serve as a basis of reference by other researchers or particular areas of concern that may be a source of risk for banks. It should also be necessary that a case study be conducted on a particular scenario focusing only on one risk management area so as to have a clearer view. The banking system is explained along with some points on how important it is to build a strong impression with international institutions by securing a reliable system within the bank by good risk management policies that serve as its foundation. A discussion on the importance of liquidity risk management policy has been explored using policies as the gui delines and indicators that help determine the confidence level in each banking system. If weak policy system is in place, it gives doubt as to the effectiveness of the risk management approach. Royal Bank of England has been analysed and the responsibility it has on the control of rates. The bank has been used as the point of reference since it has flexibility in decision making as well as its crucial to the good functioning or detriment of the whole banking institution in United Kingdom. The HSBC and the Royal Bank of Scotland has impressive financial planning portfolios that are geared towards helping the customers reach their goals. They make it their utmost responsibility to provide their customer with the best options that are available and have committed to meet the customers need. The two banks provide the most expert advice on planning and investing. An analysis of HSBC system shows that they have managed risks well, including risks that have placed other banks in receivership. The Royal Bank of Scotland equally possesses reliable strategy where all the decisions regarding risks have to be decided after careful analysis and Proper management of credit and market risks is essential in eliminating financial risks. The study established that these two risks occur when an improper assessment is made. The commitment of the management of an organization is an important element needed to help reduce the risk on possibility of a bank to collapse. It is a guiding force that a responsible banking institution must adhere to, so as to avoid the consequences of financial failure because of mismanagement. Proper risk management could be a simple way of solving liquidity risk problem which management believe is difficult to tackle. In order to protect their earnings the banks have to institute proper risk management policies as it is not always predictable where risks will emerge. The two banks under study have implemented some of the most desired risk m anagement policies. Many banks were severely affected by the recession but HSBC and RBS still returned maximum profits despite the operating environment existing in 2010 the financial year under review. Customers are concerned with the risk management practises of their banks this is because it also determines the availability of credit and all necessary bank products that they need. 6.2 Recommendations The banks need to ensure that the risk exposure on their portfolios is minimized or eliminated completely. While the recession risks were inevitable the need to anticipate liquidity risks are imperative. HSBC had gone through a crisis however the management had foresight and planned well for the recession on the other hand RBS had to rely on government bail out to minimize the risks the mortgage portfolio had. The need to pursue vigorous risk management policies is important than before, while management decisions influence the direction of the banks, careful planning and consulting is essential. A deep analysis of the causes of the losses registered in the last two years would be a good starting point to be able to collect the mistakes. Management will be valuable in this, the ability of the management to run smoothly the banks and predict future risk will determine the bank that emerges from recession stronger. From the data analyzed while turnover for the banks increased t he operating profits were affected by the recession. Like HSBC did RBS need to leverage on technology to reduce operating losses. 6.2.1 Recommendations on Managing liquidity through Organizational structure and Governance It is imperative that the two banks define the liquidity risks exhaustively this will ensure that the risks the banks are exposed to are identified and placed in respective risk category, then the risks are communicated to the respective groups to that they can identify, understand and evaluate liquidity risks that the banks face including new lines of business, products, acquisitions, alliances or any initiative that the banks intend to participate. A clear understanding of the various risks is essential particularly distinguishing Market liquidity and funding liquidity risks. Risks inherent in funding that the banks should focus on include; Structural liquidity risks spanning more than one year and cash capital risks of the banks. Thinking long term is beneficial to the financial health of the banks, the ability to communicate this is imperative depending on the nature of risks the management should be able to know what and how they are going to communicate. Information dis closure will invariably contribute to the risk or minimize or eliminate the risks completely therefore a clear policy on which information to disclose is essential. The need for transparency in dealings and communication is central to creating and strengthening trust as compared to past failure to disclose liquidity risks by banks. In many of HSBC annual reports the need to disclose risks has taken central role according to year 2007 annual reports the bank had identified the risks it faced and critical analysis was on liquidity risk. While there is no universally agreed level of disclosure of risks, various legislations have been put limit to the minimum amount of disclosure that can be done. As a consequence of good economic gains in the last four to five months banks have increase capital ratios and therefore HSBC and RBC needs to significantly increase capital ratios while at the same time to reduce the leverage levels. Recession that emanated from leverage in mortga ge has taught finance managers the importance of deleveraging. It is important to run efficient and less complex and smaller banks and then focus on the core aspects of rendering services to customers. A thorough understanding of their business and possible future risks, the two banks can create trust and show customers that they are run prudently. This is the only way they can rebuild the financial system that is damaged from banks own imprudence. The return to profitability has been quick as most banks were supported by governments and the recession was particularly driven by the mortgage sector, in the years to come HSBC and RBC need to pursue policies that minimize risks by qualifying case by case in mortgage applications and deleveraging, while this may not be of advantage right now it will promote independence of banks. Chapter 6- Discussion/ Reflection 6.1 Reflective Report The dissertation has covered most part that the researcher has intended to arrive at and has expected to obtain. The output was gathered by patiently going through the evaluation process of each aspect behind the liquidity risk management that exist between two banks. Other underlying factors are also essential in the dissertation. It is important not to leave those with less attention because what makes up the two banks are the foundation concepts built buy the bigger institutions the Bank of England in particular. The ideas gathered about the Bank of England could give you a perfect idea why bank in England are being regulated that way. The Banks is sole responsible for all of that but the system implemented by them is something that United Kingdom Banks should be grateful about because the system that they are following has made it easier for them to exists and further improve as a bank institution. This log book is important as it expresses the researchers experience from doing the dissertation. Future researchers of the same study may refer to this log book and see the progress and experiences made by the researcher. It could also a reference for the advantages and disadvantages encounter along the flow of the study. The process was rather simple however it was very time consuming due to its nature. Simple comparison will not do, you must be able to correlate the subject with the controlling elements such at the kinds of management risk provided. Previous studies have been a great help in this project. 6.2 Significance of writing the dissertation Writing the dissertation has provided me with an awareness and general out on the risks that banks are facing. It has also taken a challenge on my part to learn more about the internal management and gives me the idea why this particular bank has been successful in providing services to their customer. It has been quite an interesting experience for me. In a general sense, the dissertation has several impacts to the following: Business sector- most business companies had relied upon the success of their banks. They had depended on the success of those institutions because they too will get affected once the liquidity risk management problems will not be properly addressed. Customer/depositors- They are generally the person that makes up the whole system. They are like the basic unit in the institution because without those assets will not get into their system and it will very much affect their banks profits if customers keep withdrawing from the bank due to their poor custom er service performance. 6.3 Process to Write Dissertation The dissertation process is written in a wide array of perspective where the researcher has to dig in a few points from which may or may not be necessary for the paper but I believe that it is necessary in order to be able to express the proper points that needs to be addressed in the dissertation. Nothing has to be left out so that each point is met and the strategy being exerted will not go to waste. I believe that the routine that needs to be exercise in order to come up with a dissertation on finance is constant analysis and focus on the chosen topic. I did not have a hard time though in comparing the banks but I faced difficulty in dealing with the Literature review part. Some are particularly related to one another however, there are issues that need to be deleted as they were irrelevant perhaps on a different context. An outline The outline of this dissertation will serve as the framework from which the researcher must follow on. It is important in the alignment process of the dissertation. There are steps that have to be constantly followed and these steps will create a body to the dissertation. However, the step that I am talking about is not procedural but rather a mind frame or set that create the body of the paper and will not look or be read in an irregularly set platform. Organization The dissertation is created in an organized framework aimed at getting well defined results. Chapters are arranged well in sub headings giving the topic a simpler, defined and narrowed down look. The flow is much easier to follow since each chapter are outlined in a pyramid structure starting from a concept down to a much deeper principle. Time-Table This is the most important part of the process that will very much affect the whole set-up if not followed accordingly. I have to make that every night I am able to produce a minimum of 1,500 words of progress. This way I will not be having a hard time catching up in the future in case, the deadline is fast approaching. I make it as an initiative to always work on something every day in order that I will have lesser work to do in the coming days. Iterative Solution The initial thing that I did was create an outline. It served as the backbone of my dissertation. It will also serve as your guide. With it you can never lose direction especially if you need to stop working and when you need to get back working you have already lost focus in the dissertation. The outline shall serve as your reference life to which you could follow with and keep up with your lost time. 6.4 My Learning outcomes The core of the dissertation is the stored knowledge which I need to incorporate with my readings as I start working on the dissertation. The reading are essential in order that you are able to connect and check that what you have previously learned still applies or if you need to keep abreast with the updates or the amendments created by institutions and the like. 6.4.1 Plan to write on a regular basis and to stick with the plan made: I have also created a log where I regularly develop a manner to assess my level of data organization. This will monitor my research work behaviour if i sometimes i lagged too much and some works have not been accomplished throughout the day. The log book shall be a guide from which I can make up for the unaccomplished works and will also determine how much work I need to exert for that particular chapter. 6.4.2 Making a time plan and sticking to it Sticking to the time table is required because it will allow you to be more organized and to adhere to the required task for the day. The given task is appropriately assigned in a day together with their corresponding number of words that needs to be accomplished. Conclusion The dissertation is attained by a comprehensive study that requires relevant information that insures that the study will present a reliable source of data. Upon obtaining it, it must be organized in a less complex manner. And when a difficult part arrives, it is necessary that adequate solutions are reached because once the problems are not resolve in instant, future efforts will also be affected by the inaction done in the previous challenges.